In his debates with Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, Gerd Gigerenzer puts forward a stricter standard for the proper representation of judgment heuristics. I argue that Gigerenzer’s stricter standard contributes to naturalized epistemology in two ways. First, Gigerenzer’s standard can be used to winnow away cognitive processes that are inappropriately characterized and should not be used in the epistemic evaluation of belief. Second, Gigerenzer’s critique helps to recast the generality problem in naturalized epistemology and cognitive psychology as the methodological (...) problem of identifying criteria for the appropriate specification and characterization of cognitive processes in psychological explanations. I conclude that naturalized epistemologists seeking to address the generality problem should turn their focus to methodological questions about the proper characterization of cognitive processes for the purposes of psychological explanation. (shrink)

Dalam pembacaan saya, karya yang sedang saya timang-timang ini tidak berlebihan jika diberi tajuk, “Belajar Mencipta Refleksi Ilmiah Teologis dari Joas Adiprasetya.” Oleh karena itu, pada tempat pertama, kepada Joas Adiprasetya saya menyampaikan proficiat atas dipublikasikannya hasil studi yang memahkotai ikhtiar menimba ilmu di School of Theology, Boston University, Massachusetts (USA), pada 2009 yang lalu. Studi formal Joas Adiprasetya bukan hanya sekedar selesai asal selesai, melainkan dengan kualifikasi maxima cum laude. Hal ini dapat ditilik dan dibuktikan dengan opus magnum yang (...) sedang kita bicarakan hic et nunc. Bagaimana tidak? Karya ini mengangkat ke permukaan dua tema besar, yang kemudian dijadikan fokus kajian dan perhatiannya. Kedua tema itu berkenaan dengan Trinitas dan Teologi Agama-Agama. Di satu pihak, mengulas Trinitas tak ubahnya bagaikan mengawali perjalanan dalam kegelapan dan mengakhirinya dalam kegelapan. Pembicaraan tentang Trinitas mengesankan tidak semakin memperjelas pemahaman pembicara tentang Trinitas, apalagi memperjelas Trinitas pada dirinya sendiri. Trinitas tetap Trinitas. Titik. Ia tetap misteri. Di lain pihak, manusia yang percaya telah (sedang dan akan) mengalami siapakah Trinitas dalam peri hidupnya. Jadi, ada semacam lubang yang memungkinkan manusia dalam keterbatasannya scapato via (lepas, melejit, melarikan diri) mencapai gugus tertinggi dalam puncak-puncak sekelebatan sinar yang barang kali imaginatif. Akan tetapi kedua “kebenaran” itu sah. Artinya, dapat diverifikasikan dan dapat pula dipertanggungjawabkan secara ilmiah. Oleh karena itu, sangat besar kekeliruan UU No. 12 Tahun 2012 tentang Pendidikan Tinggi yang membuat kategorisasi baru, yang sangat bertentangan dengan akal sehat dan kebiasaan ilmiah, yakni memasukkan (ilmu) Teologi dalam rumpun ilmu Agama. Namun, apa mau dikata, para pengambil kebijakan di negeri ini akhir-akhir ini seakan tidak pernah belajar dari ilmu, kecuali bagaimana mengakali agar kepentingan kelompok diakomodasi dengan imbalan uang. Justru, studi dan karya Joas Adiprasetya ini, di mata saya, dapat memperlihatkan kekeliruan dan kerancuan berpikir para anggota parlemen sekaligus Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. Coba simak saja kajian Joas Adiprasetya dan lihat sendiri bagaimana tema teologis ini tidak bersangkut paut dengan “rumpun ilmu agama,” sebab studi ini bersifat keilmuan, “metapraksis” yang melampaui premis-premis agama sebagai suatu lembaga, yang tentu saja telah dibuktikan di Indonesia dapat dipolitisasi. Dalam studi Joas Adiprasetya ini, tak terbilang jumlah tokoh besar (dalam sejarah doktrin Kristen) yang mengulas, merefleksikan, meneliti, serta menulis dengan ketelitian yang mengagumkan dan ketajaman yang memukau, akan tetapi pada akhirnya sama gelapnya, dan yang lebih menakjubkan adalah jumlah orang percaya dan oleh karena itu mengalami tidak berkurang, bahkan sebaliknya. Itulah sebabnya Anselmus Canterburry menyatakan Credo ut intelligam; artinya, saya percaya supaya dengan itulah saya memahami............ Joas Adiprasetya pun, dalam bidikan saya, menyenggol paradigma teologi tentang agama-agama di bawah istilah eksklusivisme, inklusivisme, and pluralisme. Seiring dengan perkembangan waktu, yang memperlihatkan bahwa teologi pun menganut asas semper reformanda et reformata sicut signum temporis (senantiasa membarui dan diperbarui seturut tanda zaman), maka dipopulerkan era pasca pluralisme. Dengan terminologi pasca pluralisme, sejumlah peristilahan yang pernah dikecam seperti sinkretisme, kafir (baca: bukan kita), murtad, proselitisme, dan lain sebagainya perlu ditinjau kembali. Di sini, Joas Adiprasetya melihat tersedianya lahan untuk berdialog, juga tentang Trinitas. Tentu hal ini merupakan tantangan tersendiri jika “minoritas”—seperti Joas Adiprasetya—menawarkan kepada publik sebuah keterkaitan “niscaya” antara teologi tentang Trinitas dengan teologi tentang agama-agama. Ternyata Joas Adiprasetya yang kreatif berhasil menyingkapkan kata kunci yang dapat berlaku umum, yaitu sosial untuk kemudian masuk dalam the great design, yakni misteri perichoresis. Tidak tanggung-tanggung, Joas Adiprasetya menyihir para pembaca dengan ungkapan magis yang diturunkan dari Leonardo Boff, “The holy Trinity is our social program” (Nicolas Federov dikutip oleh Boff dalam “Trinity” dalam Systematic Theology: Perspectives from Liberation Theology, hlm. 78). Meski demikian, hal itu tidak berarti Saudara Joas Adiprasetya sedang tidak menyimpan bom waktu, sebab relasi sosial yang diterapkan dalam signifikansi perichoresis dapat melahirkan suatu cara pandang yang menyamakan saja antara Sang Alpha dan Omega dengan makhluk ciptaan; dan hal ini salah satu butir notasi tentang Teologi Pembebasan, yang sepenuhnya didukung oleh Leonardo Boff. Sekali lagi, dengan memanfaatkan senjata pamungkas dari para teolog kenamaan tersebut (Raimundo Panikkar, Gavin D’Costa, Mark Heim, yang masing-masing menggunakan person-, nature-, reality-perichoresis), Joas Adiprasetya berhasil mengeksplorasi dan menemukan seberkas cahaya terang, yang ternyata sejalan dengan penemuan Richard Kearney (Allah yang mungkin ada) dan Jürgen Moltmann (Trinitas terbuka). Sampai di sini, Joas Adiprasetya dapat menawarkan temuannya sebagai suatu bentuk teologi Indonesia! Akhirnya, karya ini tidak sesederhana, tidak sesingkat Daftar Isi (hlm. vii), sebab penelusuran Joas Adiprasetya mengalir sampai jauh, sampai saling merasuki pribadi-pribadi tanpa melebur menjadi satu, tanpa menghilangkan identitas, justru karena prinsip perichoretik itu bersatu tanpa saling meniadakan. Karya Ketua Sekolah Tinggi Teologia Jakarta ini merupakan salah satu model unggul berteologi dalam konteks dan ranah multipluralisme, yang diakui dan dipuji di Indonesia, namun tidak banyak dipraktikkan. (A. Eddy Kristiyanto, Program Studi Teologi, Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara, Jakarta). (shrink)

Despite the invaluable role that women play in the peacebuilding process, statistics still show this as a male-dominated field. Since media narratives have the power to frame reality providing the public with preferred lenses to understand it, this study asks, How do media narratives frame the role of Afghan women in conflict resolution? To address this question, we combine Frame Theory (Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58) and Critical Discourse Analysis (...) (van Dijk, T. A. (2015). Critical discourse analysis. In D. Tannen, H. E. Hamilton, & D. Schiffrin (Eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 466–485). Wiley Blackwell) to explore media narratives before and after the Taliban came into power in August 2021. The samples include 32 articles published between 2018 and 2022 on different sources ranging from traditional news outlets to magazines, newsrooms, intergovernmental organizations, and think tanks. Findings show that media narratives perpetuate unfair gendered expectations, failing to effectively render the irreplaceable role of women in peacebuilding. Frames confirm the double bind of hegemonic femininity (Schneiker, A. (2021). The UN and women's marginalization in peace negotiations. International Affairs, 97(4), 1165–1182) as women are subject to different expectations – the exception presents them as courageous, yet the norm frames them as being too vulnerable and without a voice. (shrink)

Complex tensions define us, and that is why rational evaluative analysis and the deliberate application of principles to cases can, at best, claim to account for only a limited register in the full compass of ethical voice. Close analysis of brief texts from the "Mencius" and Dante's "Inferno" discloses in both an approach to ethical reflection that aims to expand the capacity for virtue, the ethical skillfulness exercised in response and evaluation, through affective engagement of the reader. This approach, a (...) kind of "re- flexive tropology," may involve us in a Han-tan walk. Nevertheless, if virtue and models of the self are interconnected, then right self-understanding is where the foundations of virtue are laid. Because the religious orientation calls into question the false fixities that inform ordinary activities and ordi- nary models of the self, it is crucial to the work of distinguishing among true and false forms of virtue. (shrink)

Prior to August Weismann’s 1889 germ-plasm theory, social reformers believed that humans could inherit the effects of a salubrious environment and, by passing environmentally-induced modifications to their offspring, achieve continuous progress. Weismann’s theory disrupted this logic and caused many to fear that they had little control over human development. As numerous historians have observed, this contributed to the birth of the eugenics movement. However, through an examination of the work of social scientists Lester Frank Ward, Richard T. Ely, Amos (...) Griswold Warner, James Mark Baldwin, Simon Nelson Patten, Alfred Kroeber, Walter Robinson Smith, and Luther Lee Bernard, I demonstrate that Weismann’s ideas also prompted scholars to create of theories of human progress in which the social environment had a central role and biological heredity had a diminished one. Furthermore, in creating a new theory of social progress based on a concept called “social heredity,” the thinkers surveyed in this article separated biological and social thought and asserted the independence of the American social sciences. I argue that this represents an important moment in the maturation of the human sciences, and I suggest that the germ-plasm theory of heredity deserves a larger place in histories of the development of the American social scientific disciplines. (shrink)

This book demonstrates the originality and coherence of Jonathan Edwards' philosophical theology using his dynamic reconception of reality as the interpretive key. The author argues that what underlies Edwards' writings is a radical shift from the traditional Western metaphysics of substance and form to a new conception of the world as a network of dispositions: active and abiding principles that possess reality apart from their manifestations in actions and events. Edwards' dispositional ontology enables him to restate the Augustinian-Calvinist tradition in (...) theology in a strikingly modern philosophical framework. A prime example of Edwards' innovative reconstruction in philosophical theology is his conception of God as both eternal actuality and a disposition to repeat that actuality within God and also through creation. This view is a compelling alternative to the traditional Western doctrine of God as changeless actuality, on the one hand, and the recent process theologians' excessive stress on God's involvement in change, on the other. Edwards' achievement was that he saw dynamic movement as essential to God's own life without compromising the traditional Christian tenets of God's prior actuality and transcendence. The author of this volume also explicates the way in which Edwards' dynamic reconception of reality informs his theories of imagination, aesthetic perception, the knowledge of God, and the meaning of history. This expanded edition includes a new preface and a new appendix titled "Jonathan Edwards on Nature.". (shrink)

In this paper I will discuss three areas in which advances in human reproductive technology could occur, their uses and abuses, and their effects on society. First is the potential to drastically increase the success rate and availability of in vitro fertilization and embryo freezing. Second is the ability to perform biopsies on embryos prior to the onset of pregnancy. Finally, I will consider the adding or altering of genes in embryos, commonly referred to as genetic engineering.As new reproductive technologies (...) pass from experimental models into the potential for medical utilization, I believe that it will be important for lawmakers everywhere to avoid the impulse to outlaw procedures that a society believes to be unnatural at a first glance. Rather, I would hope that they can respond thoughtfully with legislation that serves two purposes — to protect the rights of couples to overcome infertility or to reduce the risk of genetic disease in their children-to-be, and more importantly, to protect children-to-be from the abuses that could result from some of the practices that I will discuss. (shrink)

Malaysia had its first four patients with COVID-19 on 25 January 2020. In the same week, the World Health Organization declared it as a public health emergency of international concern. The pandemic has since challenged the ethics and practice of medicine. There is palpable tension from the conflict of interest between public health initiatives and individual’s rights. Ensuring equitable care and distribution of health resources for patients with and without COVID-19 is a recurring ethical challenge for clinicians. Palliative care aims (...) to mitigate suffering caused by a life-limiting illness, and this crisis has led to the awareness and urgency to ensure it reaches all who needs it. We share here the palliative care perspectives and ethical challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. (shrink)

This paper argues that there is an inconsistency between Jaegwon Kim's earlier work on supervenience and his more recent work on explanatory exclusion. In his work on supervenience Kim advocates an explanatory agnosticism that, by the time of his later work, is replaced by an endorsement of reductive explanation. My argument is that this tension between Kim's early and later work is unfortunate since explanatory exclusion is highly questionable in its own right and is not reconcilable with his earlier work (...) on supervenience anyway. /// El presente artículo sostiene que existe una inconsistencia entre los primeros textos sobre superveniencia de Jaegwon Kim y sus trabajos más recientes sobre exclusión explicativa. En sus escritos sobre superveniencia, Kim defiende un agnosticismo explicativo que, en sus textos posteriores, sustituye con su aprobación a la explicación reductiva. Mi argumento es que esta tensión entre las dos etapas de la obra de Kim es poco afortunada, pues la exclusión explicativa es por derecho propio sumamente cuestionable y de todos modos no se puede conciliar con sus primeros textos sobre superveniencia. (shrink)

A preocupação humana com o tempo. O mito como revelação. A linguagem simbólica do homem. A identidade como tema épico. O mito grego e o latino. Quanto aos contatos históricos, o que se preservou do estoque mítico indo-europeu na civilização romana. O caldeamento social com os etruscos e os gregos e a formação da religião romana.

Poetas que se destacaram pela sátira. Ecos satíricos em outros discursos poéticos. Juvenal, que não soube mentir, ocupou o seu tempo tentando a educar os romanos: Quid Romae faciam? Mentiri néscio. Que fazer em Roma? Não sei mentir.(I, 3, 41) A emergência urbana tornou o povo romano civilizado, mas insensato em suas preces suplicantes de desejos aos deuses: Juvenal, Sátiras, X.

In 2009, health authorities from Taiwan formally attended the 62nd World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization as observers, marking the country’s participation for the first time since 1972. The long process of negotiating this breakthrough has been cited as an example of successful global health diplomacy. This paper analyses this negotiation process, drawing on government documents, formal representations from both sides of the Taiwan Strait, and key informant interviews. The actors and their motivations, along with the forums, practices (...) and outcomes of the negotiation process, are detailed. While it is argued that non-traditional diplomatic action was important in establishing the case for Taiwan’s inclusion at the WHA, traditional concerns regarding Taiwanese sovereignty and diplomatic representation ultimately played a decisive role. The persistent influence of these traditional diplomatic questions illustrates the limits of global health diplomacy. (shrink)

This paper explains the nature and origin of what I am calling Transgressive Realism, a middle path between realism and anti-realism which tries to combine their strengths while avoiding their weaknesses. Kierkegaard created the position by merging Hegel’s insistence that we must have some kind of contact with anything we can call real (thus rejecting noumena), with Kant’s belief that reality fundamentally exceeds our understanding; human reason should not be the criterion of the real. The result is the idea that (...) our most vivid encounters with reality come in experiences that shatter our categories, the way God’s commandment to kill Isaac irreconcilably clashes with the best understanding of ethics we are capable of. I explain the genesis of this idea, and then show it at work in Heidegger and Levinas’ thought. Understanding this position illuminates important aspects of the history of continental philosophy and offers a new perspective on realism. (shrink)

This new translation of _De Novo Hierosolyma Et Ejus Doctrina Coelesti_ by Emanuel Swedenborg presents the ideas of this Swedish visionary in simple, modern English. In the short work, Swedenborg discusses our motivations and inner natures, love and selfishness, and ways in which we can develop ourselves as spiritual people. He also covers different aspects of religion, such as the Bible, observances like baptism and the Holy Supper, the nature of heaven and hell, and how we can apply all these (...) ideas to our daily lives. (shrink)

This paper concerns broadly with the works of such ethical postmodern theorists as Jacques Derrida, Emmanuel Levinas, Giles Deleuze, focusing on how we can contribute to the development of their ideas by discussing Laozi and Zhuanzi’s Taoism, Buddhism, and modern Korean Neo-Confucianism of Toe-gae Lee. I claim that for criticism and art, literature, film and culture as well as philosophy itself, we are now facing this new need of another notion of subjectivity that not only accepts difference but takes the (...) position of whole positivity toward the Other. This different view of subjectivity that can be called "the sublime subjectivity" or the sublime totality of a human being or a society is essentially an aesthetic one, rather than one that depends upon logic, and it is vital to take advantage of Oriental ideas. From the perspective of the ethics of Levinas, I first place the sublime, jouissance, or pure enjoyment, at the heart of literary criticism. The pure sensibility of the sublime, or jouissance, unlike the raw feelings of pleasure, is an aesthetic sensibility beyond the ontological unity of feelings of pleasures and pains. Then with the Oriental thought, I make an attempt to contribute to the development of the ideas on the ethics of the relation of the reader and the literary text’s language. Laozi’s Taote Ching, Chuanzi, Diamond Sutra, and Toe-gae Lee’s notion of Taeguk are briefly explored in view of the aesthetic transphenomenal dimension and the sublime totality. (shrink)

Frederic Lee sets out the foundations of a post-Keynesian price theory through developing an empirically grounded production schema. The administered, normal cost and mark-up price doctrines are explained in parts I-III of the book, as many of their theoretical arguments are important for developing the foundations. This involves discussing the work of Gardiner Means, Philip Andrews, and Michal Kalecki as well as the developers of the doctrines, such as Edwin Nourse, Paolo Sylos Labini, Harry Edwards, Josef Steindl and Alfred Eisner. (...) Drawing upon the arguments and formal modelling offered by the doctrines, in conjunction with empirical evidence from one hundred studies on pricing and production, Dr Lee develops an empirically grounded pricing model and production schema. He argues that the model and the schema together constitute the foundations for post-Keynesian price theory. (shrink)

The primary aim of this paper is to provide the exact diagnosis of the contingent a priori debate so far by untangling complicated issues surrounding it, such as singular thought, linguistic stipulation, and epistemic justification. I will first maintain that most philosophers' arguments for or against the contingent a priori are ultimately based on one of two conflicting intuitions about linguistic stipulation: sceptics of the contingent a priori have appealed to the intuition that extra-linguistic knowledge cannot be acquired through the (...) stroke of a pen, whereas proponents of it have appealed to the other intuition that one is in a position to understand a name that one introduces by oneself into one's own language. Then I will reconstruct the sceptics' and proponents' positions in their strongest form respectively and examine where they disagree, and finally I will argue that the contingent a priori debate cannot help but end in a stalemate without further scrutiny into singular thought. From this diagnosis, I conclude that in order to appropriately judge whether a contingent proposition is knowable a priori, we must first independently investigate what the conditions for singular thought are: the contingent a priori rides on the singular thought debate. (shrink)

This book compares and contrasts the ideas of some of the leading twentieth-century critics of rationalism: Gadamer, Hayek, Kolnai, MacIntyre, Oakeshott, Polanyi, Ryle, Voegelin, and Wittgenstein. This book provides important insights into this major intellectual trend of the past century.

An introductory level text designed to explain and review basic ideas concerning the role of law in society. Assuming no previous knowledge of the field, the volume examines the theoretical and empirical dimensions of law in society from political, sociological, psychological and philosophical perspectives.

ABSTRACT:This essay explores a more inclusive and equitable interpretation of "religion" within the context of religious vaccine exemptions. The existing literature critiques the prevalent interpretation of the meaning of religion in religious exemption cases, but frequently overlooks the importance of incorporating the concept of "lived religion." This essay introduces the concept of lived religion from religious studies, elucidates why this lived religion approach is crucial for redefining "religion," and illustrates its application in the domain of religious vaccine exemptions. The author (...) contends that broadening the meaning of religion by employing the concept of lived religion would promote a more inclusive and equitable implementation of religious vaccine exemptions. (shrink)

This paper contests social psychology’s emphasis on the biased, erroneous, and constructed nature of social cognition by: showing how the extent of bias and error in classic research is overstated; summarizing research regarding the accuracy of social beliefs; and describing how social stereotypes sometimes improve person perception accuracy. A Goodness of Judgment Index is also presented to extract evidence regarding accuracy from research focusing on bias. We conclude that accuracy is necessary for understanding social cognition.

First Published in 1973. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Philosophers affiliated with the Nyāya school of classical Indian philosophy developed an impressive species of realism. Nyāya philosophers defended direct realism in holding that we perceive bodies, not just their qualities or mental images of their qualities. This sort of realism has been out of favor for centuries in the West and faces a number of problems that the Nyāya knew and answered in a sophisticated way. Rather than focus on the Nyāya defense of direct realism, we focus on the (...) Nyāya defense of epistemological realism in order to explicate what Nyāya philosophers took to be implications of their view that we know something about the way things are in themselves. Specifically, we argue that the epistemological realism of the Nyāya philosophers commits them to a strong form of essentialism, which furthermore entails that substances exist and instantiate natural-kind universals. (shrink)

Moore's paradox arises from the logicaloddity of sentences of the form`P and I do not believe that P'or `P and I believe that not-P'. Thiskind of sentence is logically peculiarbecause it is absurd to assert it, although it isnot a logical contradiction. In this paperI offer a new proposal. I argue that Moore's paradox arises because there is a defaultprocedure for evaluating a self-ascribed belief sentence and one is presumptivelyjustified in believing that one believes a sentence when one sincerely assents (...) to it. (shrink)

This study gathered preliminary baseline data on the moral development of journalists using the Defining Issues Test, an instrument based on Kohlberg's 6 stages. Results show that a sample of journalists scored 4th highest among professionals tested using the DIT. The journalists ranked behind seminarians/philosophers, medical students, and physicians but above dental students, nurses, graduate students, undergraduate college students, veterinary students, and adults in general. No significant differences were found between various groups of journalists, including men and women, and broadcast (...) and print journalists. The journalists in the study scored significantly higher on the 3 journalism-specific dilemmas than on 3 nonjournalism dilemmas. (shrink)

Presents a thoughtful open-minded approach, beyond that of conventional cognitivism, using alternative perspectives such as socio-cultural contexts and social interaction, to explain behavior. For social and exptl. psychologists, and clinicians.